日内瓦（2022年5月20日）——联合国人权专家敦促各国确保正在进行的关于大流行病防范和恢复的新国际文书的多边谈判以人权为基础。在世界卫生大会第75届会议准备审议这些倡议时，专家们发表了下列联合声明：
“在过去几年中，COVID-19大流行已导致全球至少600万人死亡，加深了经济和社会不平等，暴露了社会内部的结构性歧视，加剧了对基本人权和自由的侵犯。正如 COVID-19 所表明的那样，对流行病的抵御力与人们生活的经济、社会和政治条件密不可分，受国家内部和国家之间不平等的影响，取决于所有人权的充分实现，特别是健康、生命、言论自由、集会和行动自由等权利。
作为独立的人权专家，我们一贯呼吁各国采取基于权利的方法来应对大流行并从中恢复，采取更大胆的措施和承诺国际团结。世界正在努力应对在大流行防范方面的失败，例如病原体监测、数据收集（包括分类和性别敏感数据）、透明度、公共卫生沟通和预防公平、获得疫苗、诊断和治疗方面，以及在充足资源方面的顾虑。为了预防和减轻未来流行病造成的损失，包括对基本自由和对人权的再次侵蚀，我们正在密切关注最近的全球卫生法改革谈判，包括一项关于流行病防范和应对的新国际法律文书。
在世界卫生大会第75届会议准备审议这些多边倡议时，我们敦促各国确保谈判借鉴《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》（ICESCR）和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》（ICCPR）第12条权利，特别是其第4条，并考虑到对公共卫生危机的准备、应对和恢复至关重要的长期国际人权义务，这包括社会保障（这对于享有健康权至关重要，这一点已在大流行病中得到证明）和财政方面的考虑。此外，还应该考虑到紧急措施应该是合理的、透明的并且符合国际人权标准。
我们尤其敦促各国确保这一新文书以人权为中心，特别是妇女、女孩和其他弱势群体以及边缘化人群不受歧视地享有可达到的最高标准身心健康的权利，并确保其被尊重和享有相关的权利，包括和平集会自由。我们还鼓励各国考虑私营部门在此类危机期间在提供基本服务和药品以及确保企业尊重人权方面的作用。
根据人权义务，我们赞扬政府间谈判机构 (INB) 起草和谈判世卫组织关于大流行预防、准备和应对的公约、协议或其他国际文书的努力，他们于去年4月与利益攸关方结束了第一轮网络公开听证会。然而，让我们担忧的是，因为目前尚不清楚如何使用公开听证会和书面意见的结果，或更广泛地说，正在进行的多边审议是否会向广泛受影响社区和民间社会组织开放。所有相关社区和民间社会的充分参与对于确保强有力、透明和合法的进程至关重要。
世界卫生大会为世卫组织会员国提供了一个历史性的机会，以反思大流行病的关键教训，并通过切实行动推动实现联合国全球卫生机构的首要目标——无歧视地实现所有人可达到的最高健康标准。”
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英文原文
Negotiations for international instrument on pandemic preparedness must be guided by human rights: UN experts
GENEVA (20 May 2022) – A group of UN human rights experts* has urged States to ensure that ongoing multilateral negotiations on a new international instrument on pandemic preparedness and recovery is grounded in human rights. As the 75th Session of the World Health Assembly prepares to deliberate on these initiatives, the experts issued the following joint statement:
“Over the past years, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in, at least six million deaths officially registered globally, deepened economic and social inequalities, and exposed structural discrimination within societies and the pandemic exacerbated violations of fundamental human rights and freedoms. As COVID-19 has made clear, resilience to pandemics is inextricably linked with the economic, social, and political conditions in which people live, is shaped by inequalities within and between countries, and is dependent upon the full realization of all human rights notably the rights to health, life, freedom of expression, assembly and movement, among others.
As independent human rights experts, we have consistently called on States to adopt rights-based approaches to the ongoing pandemic response and recovery, and to adopt bolder measures and commitments to international solidarity. The world is grappling with the failures in pandemic preparedness regarding pathogen surveillance, data collection, including disaggregated and gender-sensitive data, and transparency, public health communications and equity in prevention, access to vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics, as well as adequate resources to cater for these concerns. To prevent and mitigate the toll of future pandemics, including recurrence of erosion of fundamental freedoms and related human rights violations, we are closely following recent global health law reform negotiations, including a new international legal instrument on pandemic preparedness and response.
As the 75th Session of the World Health Assembly prepares to deliberate on these multilateral initiatives, we urge States to ensure that negotiations draw from article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), in particular its article 4 and take into account longstanding international human rights obligations that are essential to public health crisis preparedness, response and recovery, including social security - which is essential for the enjoyment of the right to health, as demonstrated by the pandemic - and fiscal considerations. They should also consider that emergency measures are justified, transparent and adopted in line with international human rights standards.
In particular, we urge States to ensure that this new instrument is grounded in human rights and centres, in particular women, girls and other vulnerable groups and marginalized populations right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health without discrimination and that it guarantees the respect and enjoyment of interrelated rights, including freedom of peaceful assembly. We also encourage States to take into account the role of the private sector in providing access to essential services and medicines during such crises, and in ensuring business respect for human rights.
Aligned with human rights obligations, we commend the Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (INB) to draft and negotiate a WHO convention, agreement or other international instrument on pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response for concluding their first round of virtual public hearings with interested stakeholders last April. However, we are concerned since it remains unclear how the results of the public hearings and written submissions will be used, and more generally whether ongoing multilateral deliberations will be open to a broad spectrum of affected communities and civil society organizations. The full and meaningful participation of all concerned communities and civil society is essential to ensure a strong, transparent and legitimate process.
The World Health Assembly presents WHO Member States with an historic opportunity to reflect upon crucial lessons from the pandemic and build tangible movement towards realizing the pre-eminent purpose of world’s leading UN agency on global health – to realize the highest attainable standard of health for all with no discrimination.”
